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.Missouri (1830), guaranteeing fed-eral control of the money supply.Finally, he protected the rights of Native Americans.In Johnsonv.McIntosh (1823), he admitted that no tribe had an innate title to itsland, but in the Cherokee Nation v.Georgia (1830), he asserted thatthe United States could grant such title by treaty, and in Worcester v.Georgia (1832), that no state had a right to interfere in any way withgranted Indian territory, as it was exclusively a federal question.Marshall fell in 1831 and went through a dangerous operation, buthis health was never the same.Upon the death of his wife, he sick-ened and died at Philadelphia in 1835.MASON DIXON LINE.The traditional border between the free andslave states after 1800 was the southern border of Pennsylvania andthe northern border of Maryland and Virginia commonly known asthe Mason Dixon Line.Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon sur-veyed the line between 1763 and 1767 to solve a dispute between thePenn and Baltimore families.The line runs along 39º43' 26.3'' northlatitude.As Americans moved west as part of the Great Migration, theMason Dixon Line as a division between slavery and freedom was,in effect, extended.From the western line of Pennsylvania, the line be-tween slave and free states to the Mississippi became the Ohio Riveras determined by the Northwest Ordinance.Then, with the exceptionof Missouri, the slave-free line ran south along the Mississippi Riverto the border between Arkansas and Missouri at 36º30' north latitude.After that the line ran west as determined by the Missouri Compro-mise until it was modified by the Kansas Nebraska Act to includeall the West in slave territory until admitted to statehood.230 " MAYSVILLE ROAD VETOMAYSVILLE ROAD VETO.As president, Andrew Jackson be-lieved that roads, canals, and later railroads, so-called internal im-provements, ought to be sponsored by the states in which they werelocated.Unless a project were multi-state and truly benefited the na-tion, he would not allow it.He was probably encouraged in this byNew Yorker Martin Van Buren, who wanted to protect New York sstate-financed Erie Canal from improvements being built elsewherewith federal money.To make his point, Jackson vetoed the Maysville Road Bill, intro-duced by Henry Clay to run a road from his hometown, Lexington,Kentucky, to Maysville on the Ohio, where it could connect to theNational Road across the river.This was too limited in approach toJackson.Besides, the veto only hurt Clay s constituency and noneother.Jackson s Maysville Road Veto forced the other states to constructtheir own transportation projects to compete with New York s ErieCanal, with varying degrees of success.Virginia built the Chesapeakeand Ohio Canal, the James and Kanawha Canal, and the DismalSwamp Canal.Ohio interlaced its numerous rivers to Lake Erie withcanals.Illinois connected the various tributaries of the MississippiRiver to Lake Michigan at Chicago.Pennsylvania tried to cross theAppalachians, but the task had to await the coming of railroads tosucceed.And Indiana went broke in the Panic of 1837, leaving its nu-merous canals lying unfinished.McCARTHY GIN.See COTTON, SEA ISLAND.McCOMB, MAJ.GEN.ALEXANDER.See INDIAN REMOVALCOMPLETED.McINTOSH, WILLIAM.See INDIAN REMOVAL.McLANE, LOUIS.See BANK VETO, BANK WAR.MERRYMAN, EX PARTE (1861).During the Civil War, the U.S.Supreme Court backed the Yankees cause in many respects.Oneexception was ex parte Merryman, in which Chief Justice Roger B.Taney censured military arrest outside the civilian court system of or-MIDNIGHT JUDGES " 231dinary citizens showing seditious tendencies.In early 1861, JohnMerryman led a mob accused of burning railroad bridges betweenBaltimore and Philadelphia to prevent Union reinforcement of Wash-ington.These Yankee Southern sympathizers were later called Cop-perheads.Merryman was arrested, imprisoned in Ft.McHenry, whereFrancis Scott Key had penned the Star Spangled Banner, and deniedthe writ of habeas corpus.While on circuit later that year, Marylander Chief Justice Roger B.Taney issued ex parte Merryman, an opinion stating that military ar-rest of civilians and their trial before military commissions were pro-hibited while civil courts were operating freely.Both the Army andPresident Abraham Lincoln rejected his proposal.In 1866, it was re-stated by the whole U.S.Supreme Court in ex parte Mulligan, butTaney had died two years earlier, and the war had ended, rendering itacademic.MERRYMAN, JOHN.See BALTIMORE PLOT; MERRYMAN, EXPARTE.MEXICAN CESSION.See WAR WITH MEXICO.MIDDLE PASSAGE.See SLAVE TRADE, INTERNATIONAL.MIDNIGHT JUDGES [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]