[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
.Indic.tolgo, togli, toglie, togliamo, togliete, tolgono Simp.Perf.tolsi,togliesti, tolse, togliemmo, toglieste, tolsero Pres.Subjunc.tolga& PastPart toltotrarre to draw, pull, obtain, getPres.Indic.traggo, trai, trae, traiamo, traete, traggono Simp.Perf.trassi,traesti, trasse, traemmo, traeste, trassero Future trarr, trarrai& Pres.Condit.trarrei& Pres.Subjunc.tragga& Imperat.trai, traete Past Perf.trattoudire to hearPres.Indic.odo, odi, ode, udiamo, udite, odono Future udr& (udir)Pres.Subjunc.oda, oda, oda, udiamo, udiate, odano Imperat.odi, uditeuscire to go out, come outPres.Indic.esco, esci, esce, usciamo, uscite, escono Pres.Subjunc.esca,esca, esca, usciamo, usciate, escano Imperat.esci, uscitevalere to be worth, to be validPres.Indic.valgo, vali, vale, valiamo, valete, valgono Simp.Perf.valsi,valesti, valse, valemmo, valeste, valsero Future varr, varrai Pres.Condit.varrei, varresti& Pres.Subjunc.valga, valga, valga, valiamo,valiate, valgano Past Part.valsovedere to seeSimp.Post vidi, vedesti, vide, vedemmo, vedeste, videro Future vedr,vedrai& Pres.Condit vedrei, vedresti& Past Part.visto (veduto)venire to comePres.Indic.vengo, vieni, viene, veniamo, venite, vengono Simp.Perf.venni, venisti, venne, venimmo, veniste, vennero Future verr, verraiPres.Condit verrei, verresti Pres.Subjunc.venga, venga, venga,veniamo, veniate, venganovivere to liveSimp.Perf.vissi, vivesti, visse, vivemmo, viveste, vissero Future vivr,vivrai& Pres.Condit vivrei, vivresti& Past Part.vissuto 458 APPENAIX IIvolere to wish, want tosee Chapter 2 Appendix IIISequence of tensesThis is a simplified schematic outline of the `sequence of tenses' betwee n a mainand a dependent clause.Here we indicate only the most frequent and importantcases, with dependent verbs in the indicative, conditional and subjunctivemoods.Other combinations are possible, as illustrated in Chapter 2 and inChapters 30 and 31.Main verb Dependent verb ExampleIndicative Future Pensa che tu verraiIndicative Present vieniConditional verrestiPresentSubjunctive vengaPresentIndicative Present Pensa che tu vieniConditional verrestiPresentSubjunctive vengaPresentIndicative Pensa che tu sei venutoCompoundPerfectIndicative Simple venistiPerfectIndicative veniviImperfectConditional Past sarestivenutoSubjunctive Past sia venutoSubjunctive venissiImperfectIndicative Imperfect Pensava che tu venivi 460 APPENDIX IIIMain verb Dependent verb ExampleConditional Past sarestivenutoIndicative Pensava che tu veniviImperfectSubjunctive venissiImperfectIndicative Pensava che tu eri venutoPluperfectSubjunctive fossivenutoPluperfectMain verb Dependent verb ExampleIndicative Future Penser che tu verraiConditional Present verrestiSubjunctive Present vengaIndicative Future Penser che tu verraiIndicative Present vieniIndicative Penser che tu saraiCompound Future venuto Appendix IVWord orderItalian is a language in which the word order is extremely flexible.You can seethis illustrated throughout in both parts of the book.Here are just a few points tolook out for:Noun groupNoun+adjectiveUnlike English where the adjective+noun order is rigidly fixed, in Italian theorder is more flexible.We can say either:adjective+nounun grande giardinoa big gardenornoun+adjectiveun giardino grandea big gardenThe position of the adjective can make a difference in emphasis or even inmeaning.This is fully illustrated in 1.4.5.Sentence orderSubject verbEnglish learners tend to translate sentences directly from English into Italian.InItalian too, the sentence can have the order subjectverb: 462 APPENDIX IVSubject VerbGianni ha chiamato.Gianni called.Il postino arrivato.The postman's arrived.But it is equally possible to reverse the order, to give verbsubject:Verb SubjectHa chiamato Gianni.Gianni called. arrivato il postino.The postman's arrived.Often the `normal' order is reversed or altered in order to emphasize who carriedout the action:Chi ha mangiato tutti i cioccolatini?Who ate all the chocolates?Verb SubjectLi ha mangiati Sonia.Sonia ate them.But in the first examples above, no particular emphasis is given to the subject.Itmight just as well be the dustman who has called, or someone else who hastelephoned.In exclamative sentences, using che or come, the subject usually has to followthe verb:Com' bella la tua casa!How lovely your house is!Che begli occhi (che) ha quel bambino!What lovely eyes that child has!Similarly, in interrogative sentences, the subject often comes after the verb:Finiranno mai questo libro Franco e Anna?Will Franco and Anna ever finish this book? APPENDIX IV 463And it has to come after the verb when the interrogative sentence is introducedby interrogative words such as che cosa, come, quando, dove, quanto, quale,chi:Quando finiranno il progetto di ricerche i nostri colleghi?When will our colleagues finish their research project?Subject verb objectWhen there is a noun direct object, the normal sentence order is subjectverb object:Subject Verb ObjectGianni vedr la sua amica stasera.Gianni will see his friend tonight.Again, when we want to place emphasis on the object (in this case la suaamica), the normal order can be changed, so that the object is placed first in thesentence:Object Subject VerbLa sua amica Gianni la vedr stasera.Gianni will see his friend tonight.(literally: His friend, Gianni, will see her tonight.)When we place the object first, we add a further direct object before the verbin the form of a direct object pronoun (lo, la, li, le)
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]