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.Thus it is as likely to tell a clientthat she will live to a ripe old age as it is that she has three cats and a dog.Very littlework has been done to find out what type of information or advice is most likely toconvince the client of their paranormal origin, but it is not necessarily the most specific orimprobable items.Richards (1990) illustrates this when he statesA reading might contain the evidential statement that, "You have a husband witha glass eye", but the value derived from the reading is assigned by the client tostatements like, "You need to relax more at home and communicate moreeffectively with your husband." (p.278).This account of the pseudopsychic reading draws attention to the fact that all theinformation emanates from the client in one way or another, making it very unlikely thatshe will be presented with material that is particularly new or surprising to her.It isunlikely, then, that the primary reason for the success of many psychic readings is thepsychic or predictive function, and it is suggested that the primary role may be as atherapeutic, quasi-counselling event.ReferencesArgyle, M.(1988).Bodily communication.(2nd edition).London: MethuenBartlett, F.C.(1932).Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Bransford, J.D.& Johnson, M.K.(1972).Contextual prerequisites for understanding someinvestigations of comprehension and recall.Journal of Verbal Learning and VerbalBehaviour, 11, 717-726.Brunner, L.J.(1979).Smiles can be back channels.Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 37, 728-734.Bull, P.(1987).Posture and gesture.Oxford: pergamon.Cain, R.(1991).The Secret to Reading Cards and Clients.Albuquerque: Flora &CompanyCooper, W.H.(1981).Ubiquitous halo.Psychological Bulletin, 90, 218-244.Corinda, T.(1984).13 Steps to Mentalism.(2nd edition).Bideford, Devon: The Supreme MagicCo.Ltd. Couttie, (1988).Forbidden Knowledge: The Paranormal Paradox.Cambridge: LutterworthPress.Dean, G.A.(1986/7).Does astrology need to be true? Part 1: A look at the real thing.TheSkeptical Inquirer, 11, 166-184.Dean, G.A., Kelly, I.W., Saklofske, D.H.& Furnham, A.(1992).Graphology and humanjudgement.In B.Beyerstein & D, Beyerstein (Eds.) The write stuff.(pp.349-395).Buffalo,NY: Prometheus Books.Delaney, J.G.& Woodyard, H.D.(1974).Effects of reading an astrological description onresponding to a personality inventory.Psychological Reports, 24, 1214.Dickson, D.H.& Kelly, I.E.(1985).The "Barnum Effect" in personality assessment: a review ofthe literature.Psychological Reports, 57, 367-382.Dooling, J.D.& Lachman, R.(1971).Effects of comprehension on retention of prose.Journal ofExperimental Psychology, 88, 216-222.Duncan, S.& Fiske, D.W.(1977).Face-to-face interaction: Research methods and theory.Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Dutton, D.L.(1988) The Cold Reading Technique.Experientia, 44 (4), 326-331.Earle, L.(1990a).The Classic Cold Reading.USA: Binary Star Publications.Earle, L.(1990b).The Classic Cold Reading (Companion audio tape).USA: Binary StarPublications.Forer, B.R.(1949).The fallacy of personal validation: A classroom demonstration of gullibility.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 44, 118-123.French, C.C., Fowler, M., McCarthy, K., & Peers, D.(1991).Belief in astrology: A test of theBarnum Effect.The Skeptical Inquirer, 15, 166-176.Fuller, U.(1975).Confessions of a psychic: The secret notebooks of Uriah Fuller.Teaneck, NJ:Karl Fulves.Fuller, U.(1980).Further confessions of a psychic: The secret notebooks of Uriah Fuller.Teaneck, NJ: Karl Fulves.Furnham, A.& Schofield, S.(1987).Accepting personality test feedback: A review of theBarnum Effect.Current Psychological Research & Reviews, 6, 162-178.Haraldsson, E.(1985).Representative national surveys of psychic phenomena: Iceland, GreatBritain, Sweden, USA and Gallup's Multinational Survey.Journal of the Society for PsychicalResearch, 53, 145-158.Hester, R & Hudson, W.(1977).Psychic Character Analysis: The Technique of Cold Reading.Baltimore, Maryland: Magic Media Ltd.Hobrin (no initial) (1990).Money-Making Cold Reading.Sheffield, England: MagickEnterprises.Hyman, R.(1977).Cold Reading: How to convince strangers that you know all about them.TheSkeptical Enquirer, 1, 18-37.Also reprinted in R.Hyman (1989) op cit.Hyman, R.(1981).The psychic reading.In T.A.Sebeok & R.Rosenthal (Eds.) The Clever HansPhenomenon.(pp.169-181).New York: New York Academy of Sciences. Hyman, R.(1989).The elusive quarry: A scientific appraisal of psychical research.Buffalo,NY: Prometheus Books.Irwin, H.J.(1985).A Study of the Measurement and Correlates of Paranormal Belief.Journal ofthe American Society for Psychical Research, 79, 301-326.Jones, B.(1989).King of the Cold Readers: Advanced professional pseudo-psychic techniques.Bakersfield, Calif.: Jeff Busby Magic Inc.Keene, M.L.(with A.Spraggett) (1976).The psychic mafia.New York: Dell Publishing Co.Kelly, I.W.& Renihan, P.(1984).Elementary credibility for executives and upward mobiles.The Canadian School Executive, 3(10), 16-18.Lapin, D.(1983).How to get anything on anybody.San Francisco, CA: Wolfe Publishing.Layne, C.& Ally, G.(1980).How and why people accept personality feedback.Journal ofPersonality assessment, 44, 541-546.Lester, D.(1982).Astrologers and psychics as therapists.American Journal of Psychotherapy,36, 56-66.Lewis, M.(1991).Confessions of a cold reader (Audiotape).Martin Breese Magicassettes.Lyons, A.& Truzzi, M.(1991).The blue sense: Psychic detectives and crime.New York:Mysterious Press.Marks, D.& Kamman, R.(1980).The psychology of the psychic.Buffalo, NY: PrometheusBooks.Martin, R.(1990).The Tarot Reader's Notebook.Albuquerque: Flora & CompanyMeehl, P.E.(1956).Wanted - a good cookbook.American Psychologist, 11, 262-272.Naftulin, D.H., Ware, J.E.& Donnelly, F.A.(1973).The Doctor Fox lecture: A paradigm ofeducational seduction.Journal of Medical Education, 48, 630-635.Pfungst, O.(1911).Clever Hans: A contribution to experimental, animal and human psychology.New York: Holt.Pichert, J.W.& Anderson, R.C.(1977).Taking different perspectives on a story.Journal ofEducational Psychology, 69, 309-315.Randi, J.(1981).Cold Reading Revisited.In K.Frazier (Ed.) Paranormal Borderlands ofScience.Buffalo, NY: Prometheus.Richards, D.G.(1990).Exploring the dyadic counseling interaction.Proceedings of the 33rdAnnual Convention of the Parapsychological Association, pp.273-288.Roe, C.A.(1991).Cold Reading Strategies.Proceedings of the 34th Annual ParapsychologicalAssociation Convention.470-480Roe, C.A.(1994).Subjects' Evaluations of a Tarot Reading.In D.J.Bierman (Ed)Proceedings of the 37th Annual Parapsychological Association Convention.470-480Roe, C.A.(1997).Belief in the paranormal and attendance at psychic readings.Proceedings ofthe 40th Annual Parapsychological Association Convention.in press.Roll, W.G., Morris, R.L., Damgaard, J.A., Klein, J., & Roll, M.(1973).Free verbal responseexperiments with Lalsingh Harribance.Journal of the American Society for PsychicalResearch, 67, 197-207. Ruthchild, M.(1978).Cashing in on the psychic.Pomeroy, Ohio: Lee Jacobs Productions.Ruthchild, M.(1981).Psychotechnics: A scientific approach to the psychic.Pomeroy, Ohio: LeeJacobs Productions.Schmeidler, G.R.(1985).Belief and Disbelief in Psi.Parapsychology Review, 16(1), 1-4.Schouten, S.A.(1993).Applied Parapsychology Studies of Psychics and Healers.Journal ofScientific Exploration, 7, 375-401.Schouten, S.A.(1994).An Overview of Quantitatively Evaluated Studies with Mediums andParagnosts.Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 88, 221-254.Schwartz, R.A.(1978).Sleight of Tongue.The Skeptical Inquirer, 3(1), 47-55.Sebeok, T.A.& Rosenthal, R.(Eds) (1981).The Clever Hans phenomenon.New York: NewYork Academy of Sciences.Sechrest, L.& Bryan, J.(1968).Astrolgers as useful marriage counsellors.Trans-Action, 6, 34-36.Sheehy, G [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

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