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.See also EUROPEANECONOMIC COMMUNITY.08_717_02_Dictionary.qxd 2/3/09 9:08 AM Page 220220 " TRENT AFFAIRTRENT AFFAIR.In November 1861, the Trent affair was the first ma-jor diplomatic incident during the American Civil War and almostresulted in war between the United States and Great Britain.The doc-trine of the freedom of the seas was brought into question when on 8November the Union frigate USS San Jacinto, under the command ofCaptain Charles Wilkes, stopped and seized the neutral British mailsteamer Trent on the high seas near the Bahamas.Wilkes had heardthat the Trent was carrying two Confederate commissioners, JamesMurray Mason and John Slidell, on their way to Britain and Franceon diplomatic missions to persuade those countries to support theSouth in the war.The arrest and imprisonment of the two Southern-ers in Boston made Wilkes a hero in the North, but the incident led toa serious breach in relations between the United States and Britainand even threatened to break out into war.The incident occurred asBritain was on the verge of diplomatically recognizing the Confeder-acy, and the British asked for the surrender of the prisoners and animmediate apology.Both demands were acceded to after severalweeks of tension.TRIDENT MISSILE.By the late 1970s, the submarine-launched Po-laris missile was up for renewal in Great Britain.In July 1980, Pres-ident Jimmy Carter agreed with Prime Minister MargaretThatcher that Britain would purchase 100 Trident I (C-4) missiles ata cost of just over �1 billion.As with the Polaris deal, Britain wouldpay only 5 percent of the total research and development costs.Thesefavorable financial terms to Britain reflected the ongoing strong An-glo American defense ties.When Ronald Reagan became president,Thatcher asked the United States if Britain could purchase the morepowerful Trident II (D-5).This was agreed and Britain was privilegedto gain access to American technology at a low cost, although Britainhad to agree that the Trident missiles be assigned to North AtlanticTreaty Organization (NATO) (unless Britain s national interestswere threatened).In March 2003, the government of Tony Blairgained the support of the House of Commons for its plans to renewits nuclear-submarine technology to carry the Trident missiles untilthe middle of the 21st century.TRIPARTITE DECLARATION (1950).Great Britain, France, andthe United States signed the Tripartite Declaration on 25 May 195008_717_02_Dictionary.qxd 2/3/09 9:08 AM Page 221TRUMAN DOCTRINE " 221in an attempt to deal with the issue of arms sales to Israel and theArab states in the Middle East.In 1948 and 1949, sections of the U.S.Congress notably the Jewish lobby were alarmed at British salesof arms to Egypt.Britain was honoring commitments to Egypt madeunder the Anglo Egyptian Treaty of 1936 and in response to the firstArab Israeli War, during which Israeli forces shot down five RoyalAir Force planes.In order to avoid an arms race in the Middle East,the U.S.State Department developed a plan under which Britain,France, and the United States acknowledged that Israel and the Arabstates required a certain level of arms for self-defense purposes.Allrequests for arms would be considered under the principle of the Tri-partite Declaration as it became known.TROLLOPE, FRANCES (1780 1863).Frances Trollope was aBritish writer and mother of British author Anthony Trollope.She be-came an unpopular figure in the United States after she commentedcritically on Americans and their way of life.In 1827, she had goneto live in America to improve the family s fortunes but proved un-successful in her attempt to do so as the department store she set upin Cincinnati failed.She returned to England after almost four yearsand published a chronological account of her travels entitled Domes-tic Manners of the Americans (1832).In the book, Trollope portrayedAmericans in a poor light, condemning their hypocrisy in rejoicing inliberty but maintaining a slave system and abusing the native popu-lation.She also condemned the lack of social classes, the evangelicalrevivals of the time, and the crude manners of Americans.Her viewscaused outrage in elite circles on both sides of the Atlantic but thebook became a best seller.TRUMAN DOCTRINE (1947) [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]